What’s the difference between pneumonia and COVID-19?

Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in your lungs. Some other infections can cause similar symptoms, so it may not always be easy to tell what’s making you feel unwell.

Here, I discuss the difference between pneumonia and coronavirus (COVID-19).

What causes COVID-19?

COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In some people, the infection can affect the lungs and lead to pneumonia. But if you have COVID-19, it does not always mean you will develop pneumonia.

What are the symptoms of COVID-19?

For many people, COVID-19 can feel like a cold or the flu. The most common COVID-19 symptoms are:

• a high temperature and chills
• cough
• shortness of breath (dyspnoea)
• a change in your sense of smell or taste
• feeling tired and exhausted
• an aching body

How do I tell if I have pneumonia or COVID-19?

COVID-19 and pneumonia can cause similar symptoms, such as a cough, fever, and shortness of breath. It may not always be easy to tell the difference from symptoms alone.

A COVID-19 test can help show whether the virus may be causing your symptoms. In the UK, most people can buy a rapid lateral flow test from a pharmacy or retailer, and some people who are eligible for COVID-19 treatment may be able to get free tests from a pharmacy.

In some people, COVID-19 can affect the lungs and lead to pneumonia. This is sometimes called COVID-19 pneumonia. If a doctor thinks you may have pneumonia, they may recommend tests such as a chest X-ray or CT scan to look for signs of infection in the lungs.

How is pneumonia treated?

Treatment for pneumonia depends on what is causing it and how unwell you are. If it’s caused by bacteria, antibiotics are usually used. If it’s caused by a virus, such as SARS-CoV-2, antibiotics will not help because they do not treat viral infections. In some cases, antiviral treatment may be recommended for COVID-19, particularly for people at higher risk of becoming seriously unwell, but many people with mild viral pneumonia will get better with rest, fluids, and support at home.

If your symptoms are mild, your GP may advise treatments you can try at home. It’s important to get plenty of rest and drink enough fluids. Pain relief, such as paracetamol, can also help with fever, aches, and chest discomfort.

If your symptoms are not improving after a few days, or you feel worse at any point, you should seek further medical advice. Some people with more severe symptoms may need treatment in hospital, such as oxygen, fluids, or other supportive care.

Is pneumonia preventable?

There are some simple steps you can take to help lower your risk of pneumonia, including:

• Having the flu vaccine and staying up to date with your COVID-19 vaccinations
• Washing your hands regularly to reduce the spread
• Eating a healthy, balanced diet to support your overall health
• Monitoring your symptoms if you have recently had a cold, flu or COVID-19, especially if they are not improving

Some people are more at risk of becoming seriously unwell with pneumonia, including adults aged 65 and over and people with certain long-term health conditions. For these people, the pneumococcal vaccine (a type of vaccine) may also be recommended. This can help protect against some types of bacterial pneumonia.

Research also suggests that COVID-19 vaccination may reduce the risk of developing pneumonia as a complication of COVID-19.